Case Number
CrimA 242/63
Date Decided
6-30-1964
Decision Type
Appellate
Document Type
Full Opinion
Abstract
The appellant was charged on five counts of incorrect capital and income returns over some three years. One count was struck out by mutual consent. He was convicted by the Magistrate's Court on two counts and acquitted of the remaining two. On appeal to the District Court he was acquitted of a further count. Affirmation of his conviction on the remaining count was vaguely attributed to one of two years or both of them and the charge was amended accordingly and in the result the struck out count was revived. The appellant pleaded on appeal that in convicting him the District Court exceeded its powers and that capital and income returns were not admissible in evidence under the law. not having been voluntarily made.
Held. In the circumstances, the District Court was not justified in amending the indictment without giving the accused the opportunity to be heard. A count which has been struck out by consent before trial cannot in any event be revived. Furthermore, conviction on separate alternative charges under one count cannot stand because of duplication and uncertainty since the accused cannot thereafter plead, if necessary, autrefois convict or acquit.
The requirement to make capital and income returns and other relevant information in accordance with the law does not render an admission involuntary. The confession rule must be distinguished from the privilege against self-incrimination. The test of the former goes to the means in which it was obtained. The latter rests in the "inhumanity" of placing a person in the legal dilemma of being criminated for an offence already committed or perpetrating another offence by refusing.
Keywords
Criminal Law -- Conviction, Criminal Law -- Criminal Procedure, Evidence -- Admissibility
